Procedementu Analiza be'e ~ IRON(Besi)

WAP IRON DR900
1. Start program 265 Iron FerroVer
2. Prepare 2,5 ml of water sample
3. add treated water to sample up to 25 ml
4. Stir a minute to make sure that it’s really mixing
5. Fill a sample cell with 10 ml of sample
6. Add the contents of one FerroVer Iron Reagent Powder Pillow.
7. Close the sample cell. Shake to dissolve the reagent.
8. Start the instrument timer. To prevent low results leave the sample on a
flat surface.
9. Fill a blank second sample cell with 10 ml of sample.
10.Clean the blank.
11.Insert the blank into the cell holder.
12.Push Zero.
13.After the timer expires, gently invert the prepared sample two times.
14.Clean the prepared sample.
15.Insert the prepared sample into the cell holder.
16.Push read.
17.Result show in Fe- times by 10
Note: 10 values are ten times mixing between water sample and
treated water.

Konteudu seluk tan bele hare' iha link ida ne': pajina Kualidade be' Betano Dadulas

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Procedementu Analiza Bee ~ Dureza "HARDNESS"

Atu hatene konten hardness iha be'e presiza analiza ho prosedementu hanesan tuir mai.

Ekipamentu nebe presiza hodi analiza Hardness:

Spoit
Casserole
Graduate Cylinder 50 ml
Buret
Glass 2


Kimiku ou rejen titrasaun

H-2 460-SO275 ou SO266
H-3 460-SO277
H-1 460-SO274

Prosedimentu hanesan tuir mai:

Konteudu seluktan bele hare iha Pajina Kualidade Be

========================================================

reff: http://www.vernier.com/experiments/wqv/14/total_water_hardness/

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PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHONATE

Phosphate and phosphonates are interesting substances from a water treatment point of view. Phosphate discharged into surface waters can stimulate plant growth, resulting in a
eutrophication of rivers and lakes. An efficient removal of phosphate during wastewater treatment is therefore an important factor in preserving the water quality of eutrophic lakes. Phosphonates are complexing agents containing one or more C–PO(OH)2 groups (Nowack, 2003). Phosphonates have
three main properties: they are effective chelating agents for two- and tri-valent metal ions (Lacour et al., 1998), they inhibit crystal growth and scale formation and they are quite stable under harsh chemical conditions. Important industrial uses of phosphonates are in cooling waters, desalination systems and in oil fields to inhibit scale formation. In pulp and paper manufacturing and in textile ndustry they are used as peroxide bleach stabilizers, acting as chelating agents for metals that could inactivate the peroxide. In detergents they are used as a combination of chelating agent, scale inhibitor and bleach stabilizer.


Drewphos 3000 – ready-to-feed, high purity phosphate solution used in new boiler designs

WAP PHOSPHATE ~ DR COLOR METER 490 

1. Start program 490 P React. PP., 2. Prepare 2,5 ml of water sample, 3. Add treated water to sample up to 25 ml, 4. Stir a minute to make sure that it’s really mixing, 5. Fill a sample cell with 10 ml of sample, 6. Add the contents of one PhosVer 3 Phosphate Reagent Powder Pillow to the cell. 7. Immediately close the sample cell. Shake vigorously for 30 seconds. 8. Start the instrument timer. To prevent low results leave the sample on a flat surface. 9. Fill a blank second sample cell with 10 ml of sample. 10.When the timer expires, clean the blank. 11.Insert the blank into the cell holder. 12.Push ZERO. The display shows 0.00 mg/L PO43–. 13.Clean the prepared sample. 14.Insert the prepared sample into the cell holder. 15.Push read. 16.Result show in mg/L NO2- times by 10. Note: Base to range 0.02 to 2.50 mg/L PO43 of HACH Colorimeter DR 900, needed ten times mixing between water sample and treated water. 

Konteudu seluk tan bele klik ne'e: pajina Kualidade be' Betano Dadulas

 Reff:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bernd_Nowack/publication/7105879_Competitive_adsorption_of_phosphate_and_phosphonates_onto_goethite/links/54c75f380cf289f0cecd0759.pdf

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Nitritus ~ Nitrite

Reasaun Nitritu

Keta konfundi Nitritus (nitrite) ho Nitratus (nitrate) , nitrite ho formula kimika (formula molekular)   NO₂⁻  no nitrate formula molekular NO−
3 .

Nitritus bele nakfilak ba Nitratus bainhira iha be refrijerasaun motor, grupu bakteria klorofila (chlorophyll) monocelular hanaran Pseudomonas, mak kauza formasaun tahu no algas ne'ebe kontamina ho cirkuitus refrijerasaun rezulta  transformasaun Nitritus ba Nitratus.

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Haketak ou hasai Kloru husi RO (CHLORINE REMOVER)

CHLORINE REMOVER / CHLORINE SCAVENGER 

Kimika ida ne'e uza hodi hasai hikas Kloru (Chlorine) nebe kontamina iha be'e liu husi kimika Sodium hypoclorite nia prezensa nudar oksidantes aas/forte nune labele estraga membrana molok halao separasaun/taes iha RO. Chlorine Scavenger injeta iha kanal entre  Softener ho Membrana RO, utiliza bomba puls ne'ebe integradu ho ajustador ba frekuencia nomos stroke.

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Multiparameter Handheld COLORIMETER

Instrumentu sirak nebe uza hodi halo analizasaun ba bee maka hanesan:

• DR  890 Multiparameter Handheld Colorimeter

• DR 900 Multiparameter Handheld Colorimeter

 DR 900 nia programa konaba phosphate ladauk iha.

Hare konteudu kompletu iha pajina Analiza Be'e



REFF:
http://www.hachco.ca/dr-900-multiparameter-handheld-colorimeter/product-details?id=15684103253

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Sodiu hipokloritu ~ Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium Hypochlorite - Hipokloritu Sodiu

Be'e lases husi mikrobis ne'ebe sempre moris iha be'e nia laran. Ita lakonsege hare direita ho matan rasik, karik laajuda ho instrumentu mikroskope. Bainhira be'e ita rai kleur vizual ita hetan fatin hodi tau be'e ba'a nakfilak koor sai matak, modok ka verde. Hirak ne'e kategoria hanesan mikrobis.

Kondisaun iha leten sei lori impaktu negativu bodik tratamentu be'e iha RO, Bainhira RO afeta husi mikrobis nee sei pertubra be'e nia volume kada tempu. RO nee rasik kleur ka lalais sei sai intupidu. Tamba ne'e ita presiza maneira ne'ebe kapas hodi bele redus no diak liutan evita ou elimina. Solusaun ida mak kimika ho naran Sodium hypochlorite. Tipu kimika ida ne'e sei injeta ho ninia koncentrasaun especifiku ba iha tanki rezerva, liu-liu tanki rezerva ne'ebe rai be'e ba tempu kleur. 

Sodium hypochlorite kompostu husi sodium cation (Na+) no hypochlorite anion (ClO−); Nia hanesan mos masin hosi hypochlorous acid. Baibain tipu kimika ida ne'e uza hanesan disinfectant ou bleaching agen ida.

Sodium hypochlorite mak babain uza hanesan biocide

iha industria laran applikasaun atu kontrola slime/lendir no bakteria nebe forma iha sistema bee uzadu iha power plant no seluk tan.

Atu kontrola slime/lendir no bakteria mak forma iha sistema be'e iha power plant, fabrika no seluk tan. Solusaun koncentrasaun specifiku husi 10–15%.

Bainhira halao servicu ho kimika ne'e presiza hare mos ninia MSDS nune labele estraga ema no sasan. MSDS bele hare'e iha imajen tuir mai;

Sodium hypochlorite ~ MSDS

Kompostu Sodium hypochlorite iha mos Chlorine presiza hasai husi sistema be'e molok taes ho membram RO. Hare'e iha Haketak ou hasai Kloru husi RO (CHLORINE REMOVER)

Konteudu seluk tan bele hare'e iha pajina Analiza Be'e

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ANTI INKRUSTANTE _ Antiscalant

Anti-inkrustante mak ajenti likidu kontrolu depositu ida konsebidu espesifikamente para kontrola silika (silica) no formasaun eskala silikatu (silicate) iha sistema purifikasaun reversa osmoze (RO). EROYAL® 710 nudar produtu multifunsional nebe aprezenta dezempeñu ekselenti luta kontra kauza sirak grave liu husi intupimentu membrana, hanesan formasaun kalsiu silikatu (calcium silicate), magnesiu silikatu (magnesium silicate), silika koloidal (colloidal silica).

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Fase ho Kualidade Kimiku hodi Redus Inkrustasaun Reversa Osmoze!! _ Cleanning In Place Chemical Quality)

Membrana RO  bainhira halao operasaun sei entupidu iha tempu~naruk ou bele mos tempu~badak depende ba'a kondisaun be'e nebe maka halao filtrajen ba'a. Kimiku nebe utiliza hodi hamos ou fase iha oin rua, primeiru Alkalinu no  segundu maka Asidu

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Saida Mak Softener Iha Tratamentu Be'e?? ~ Water Treatment Softener.

Softener nia funsaun atu elimina ou redus konsentrasaun ion Ma2+ no Ca2+ nomos ion sira seluk nebe kategoria nudar be'e tos (hard water). Ion sirak ne'e bele fo impaktu nebe ita lahakarak hanesan nafurin ou limescale. Limescale mak be'e te'en mutin nebe ita bele hare hetan iha sanan nebe hodi nono be'e ou kanu be'e manas nian iha sistema kaldeira. Kaldeira mak fatin nono be'e nian ho eskala bo'ot. Be'e nia nafurin no limescale bele afeta ekipamentu sirak a'at iha tempu badak tamba korosaun galvanik. Alein husi ne'e Limescale sei halo RO membrana sai intupidu no hatun efesiensia transferensia manas, tan ne'e bainhira uza kombustivel hodi nono be'e sei hasae tan gastus husi operasaun normal.

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Koncentrasaun aditivu Nalco 2000, Drewgard 4109 no kuantidade dozajen

Ezisti aditivu oioin hodi halo tratamentu ba be'e refrijerasaun motor maibe nia aplikasaun hanesan. Aditivu kimika ne'ebe sei kolia liu iha artikel ida ne'e mak Nalco 2000 no Drewgard 4109. 

Aditivu hirak ne'e nia nitritus 'nitrite' a'as tebes ho nia funsun hodi proteje sistema refrijerasaun motor kontra korosaun tamba kavitasaun, erosaun, depósitu eskala mineral no elektrolize. Liu tan ida ne'e aditivu mos dezain hodi;

• Proteje feru cor 'cast iron' , tahu 'sludge' 
• Prevene  manas asliu 'overheating' , 
• Efetivu hasoru kuak ki'ik 'liner pitting'  , erozaun kavitasaun, 
• La prejudika ka la estraga radiador ka akecedor 'heater' , koneksaun mangeira, selus 'seal' linna motor no kadeli 'ring' 'o' 
• Funciona nudar pelikula 'film' protektor korosaun inibidor 
• Mantein motor mos no livre husi eskala
• Reduz tempu para 'downtime' no kustu 'cost' manutensaun. 

Molok halao servisu ho produtu kimika hirak ne'e presiza hare mos manual ka matadalan MSDS 'material safety data sheet' tuir tipu produtu kimika ne'ebe mak atu utiliza, nune'e labele prejudika ita nia a'an rasik no ekipamentu. Be'e ne'ebe rekomenda hodi halao misturasaun iha sistema refrijerasaun motor mak be'e tratadu. Be'e tratadu katak be'e ne'ebe liu ona husi sistema tratamentu ida hanaran tratamentu be'e 'water treatment' . 

Drewgard 4901

Hanesan ita hare'e iha tabela letenba, hasae ppm nitritus atus ida (100 ppm NO2) presiza aditivu Drewgard 4901 litru sanulu resin sia (19 liters), signifika rasio koncentrasaun Drewgard 4901 ho be'e tratadu hetan 0.19 ltrs/ppm. Valor limitasaun nitritus iha be'e refrijerasaun motor minimu 920 no maximu 1200 ppm NO2.

Nalco 2000
Dozajen entre Nalco 2000 ho be'e tratadu  hetan 1:32 ho nia limitasaun minimu 1200 no maximu 1500 ppm NO2. Wainhira kapasidade be'e refrijerasaun motor sanulu resin rua metru kubiku (12 m3), total inisiu aditivu Nalco 2000 presiza 375 ltrs hodi hasae valor nitritus hahu husi 0 ppm to 1500 ppm NO2. Signifika rasio koncentrasaun Nalco 2000 ho be'e tratadu 0.25 ltrs/ppm. Bele hare'e Vizualizasaun buletin Nalco 2000  relasiona pargrafu ida ne'e.

Kompara valor koncentrasaun rua ita hetan ona iha leten hatudu katak produtu kimika Drewgard 4901 konsumu poupa liu Nalco 2000. 

Ezemplu kalkulasaun kuantidade dozajen 'dosis' aditivu ho tipu kimika Nalco 2000 ba'a be'e refrijerasaun motor;
Valor nitritus atual 'Vna' Motor#1 = 1000 ppm no Motor#2 = 1100 ppm. Motor rua ne'e hakarak mantein nitritus ho valor 'Vnm' = 1300 ppm. Rasio koncentrasaun Nalco 2000 ho be'e tratadu 'Rk' 0.25 ltrs/ppm.

Pergunta: 
Volume 'Vol' Nalco 2000 'litru' hira mak presiza amenta ba iha sistema refrijerasaun motor ??

Reszolve:

Vol M#1 = ('Vnm' - 'Vna1') x 'Rk" 
Vol M#1= 300 ppm x 0.25 (ltrs/ppm) = 75 ltrs 

Vol M#2 = ('Vnm' - 'Vna2') x 'Rk'
Vol M#2= 200 ppm x 0.25 (ltrs/ppm) =  50 ltrs 


To'o ba ne'e esplikasaun badak. Konteudu seluk tan relasiona ho artikel ida ne'e bele hare'e iha pajina Kualidade~Be'e 

Reff:

• http://www.eclubes.com.au/products/download/21/nalco-2000-product-bulletin.pdf
• Bening 

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Chlorine ~ Kloru

Kloru 'Chlorine/Kaporit' nia prezensa iha Tratamentu be'e ho sistema RO sei fo disvantajen no mos bele estraga membrana RO iha tempu badak nia laran bainhira operador lafo'o atensaun hodi kontrola ninia konsentrasaun. Nune'e sei rezulta Kondutividade ~ CONDUCTIVITY - TDS sae a'as, fluxu permeate no rejeta RO menus, parametru  husi Be'e Alimentasaun "Feed Water" inisiu lahanesan ho agora no nia presaun amenta a'as no hatun fluxu rejeta masin. Liu tan ida ne'e bele rezulta truka membrana no paradu 'downtime'. 

Simptoma liu ba laos kauza deit husi Kloru maibe bele mos husi aspeitu seluk, tan ne'e presiza identifika didiak.

Se kloru  nia prezensa iha be'e alimentasaun 'feed water', pra'atika komum neutraliza'a ho solusaun sulfitu sodiu ou leitu karbonu, maibe label produsaun mak diferensa hanesan esplika ona iha artikel liu ba konaba Sodiu hipokloritu / Sodium hypochlorite no Haketak ou hasai Kloru husi RO (CHLORINE REMOVER) ,

posibilidade ida mak operador haluha bebeik ou ladun tau atensaun katak rezultadu analiza kloru ne'e eru. Valor konsentrasaun  kloru ida ekilibriu presiza rezultadu ida lolos kobre husi be'e alimentasaun ho nia limite 0.2-0.5, permeate trace no rejeta tenser hanesan ho rezultadu analiza be'e alimentasaun, nune bele fasil identifika neutraliza'a kloru. Jeralmente kloru analiza ho parametru DPD [N, DPD (N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine)]. Teste DPD kloru iha deteksaun limitadu ho nia range / Varia tipikamente entre 0.02 - 2.00 ppm no 0.1-10 ppm, bainhira valor rezultadu liu husi Instrumentu teste nia kapasidade, uza metodu mistura 1:3 ou 1:4. 

Procedimentu DR900 Programa 80 Chlorine F&T PP 0.02 to 2.00 mg/L Cl2:
1. Start program 80 Chlorine F&T PP. For information about  sample cells, adapters or light shields, refer to Instrument-specific information on page 1. Note: Although the program name may vary between instruments, the program number does not change.
2. Prepare the blank: Fill the sample cell with 10 mL of sample. 
3. Clean the prepared sample. 
4. Insert the blank into the cell holder.
5. Push ZERO. The display shows 0.00 mg/L.
6. Prepare the sample: Fill a second sample cell with 10 mL of sample. 
7. Add the contents of one powder pillow to the sample cell. 
8. Swirl the sample cell for 20 seconds to mix. A pink color will develop if chlorine is present. Proceed to the next step immediately.
9. Clean the prepared sample.
11. Push READ. Results show in mg/L Cl2.

Konteudu seluk tan hare'e iha pajina Analiza Be'e

Reff:
http://www.waterworld.com/articles/mem/articles/print/volume-2/issue-1/feature/avoiding-testing-errors-protecting-ro-membranes-from-chlorine-damage.html

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